Which of the following lists common adverse effects of opioid analgesics that require monitoring?

• A. Respiratory depression, sedation, constipation, and nausea.
• B. Respiratory depression, sedation, constipation, nausea, and risk of dependence.
• C. Hypertension and tachycardia.
• D. Dizziness only.

Answer: (B)

Opioid analgesics have several adverse effects that require close monitoring to keep patients safe. Respiratory depression and sedation are the most critical concerns because opioids slow brainstem respiratory drive and can dull alertness, so watching respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and level of consciousness is essential. Constipation is extremely common with opioids because they slow gastrointestinal motility, so monitoring bowel function and instituting a bowel regimen is important. Nausea is frequently experienced and monitoring helps address discomfort with antiemetics as needed. There is also a notable risk of physical dependence with longer-term use, so assessing for signs of misuse or dependence and planning for safe tapering when appropriate is part of ongoing care. Together, these elements cover the major safety concerns that require monitoring during opioid therapy. The other options either miss one of these key effects or include effects that are not typical or reliable indicators of opioid-related safety concerns.